Tuesday, August 29, 2023

The magic of numbers 3,4,5

 Pikabu the cat knows how to count 0,1,2. Dr. Marek Wolf, the author of "Plato was right", in a response to my previous post "The magic of numbers 0,1,2" (featuring Pikabu ze cat), kindly informed me in a private communication, that there exists empirical evidence that hens (and other birds) can count to three. And indeed, on Researchgate we can easily locate the appropriate paper on this subject. The paper "Any bird and chicken can count to three " by Alexander Yurkin provides us with the following observation:

"It is known that any bird and chicken can count to three (if the chicken incubates 4 eggs or more, and someone  takes an egg, then she sits quietly, if the chicken incubates 3 eggs and someone takes one egg, then she begins to scream, about the fact that her eggs are stolen)."

The paper by Yurkin was inspired, in turn,  by another paper, by Pradeep Mutalik (or Hradeep Mitalik?) in Quanta Magazine, "How Randomness Can Arise From Determinism". Quanta Magazine goes into the Quantum Future of Quantum Waves. We are not there .... yet. So, let us, for a while, remain at the level of cats and birds, and integer numbers.

Reality is all entangled. Everything connects to everything in an acausal synchronistic web of connecting arrows. Every day, while in the hyperbaric chamber, at the pressure of 2.0 atmospheres and oxygen level 90%, I am either meditating or listening to an audio book. Recently I am listening to Dan Brown's novel "Origin".


And so yesterday I listened, in particular, to a fragment containing this piece:

"The Ancient of Days, Langdon thought, squinting through the darkness at Blake’s famous 1794 watercolor etching.(...)
The piece was so futuristic in style that, centuries later, the renowned physicist and atheist Stephen Hawking had selected it as the jacket art for his book God Created the Integers."

2006 edition cover.
2007 edition cover is, for some reason, totally unimpressive.
The paper "How Randomness Can Arise From Determinism", mentioned above, features the Pascal triangle

Puzzle 3: Predicting Individual Behavior

It starts with 1,11,then 121. There are no zeros shown in this triangle. In my previous post, "The magic of numbers 0,1,2", there were lot of zeros. Let us have a look at these 0,1,2 again:


Our attention concentrates on triangular patterns. It is so easy to miss the main point: 

In each row a squared plus b squared gives c squared.

The numbers are big, so you would need a 24 digit calculator (or Wolfram Alpha) to check this statement.  For instance

21x21 + 220x220 = 221x221

etc. 

Each row is a Pythagorean triple. 

How many are there of such triples? How to generate them? 

Everybody knows the famous 3,4,5 and 9+16=25. This is the "Mother Triple". 

But then what would be the "genealogical tree" of these big 0,1,2 triples in the image above? And what does it all have to do with "The Origin" and "Quantum Future"?

To be continued

P.S. 31-08-23 Actually studying:

8 comments:

  1. a triangle: 301, 3001, 30001, 300001
    b triangle: 45300, 4503000, 450030000, 45000300000
    c triangle: 45301, 4503001, 450030001, 45000300001

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Verifying with Mathematica:
      a = {301, 3001, 30001, 300001};
      b = {45300, 4503000, 450030000, 45000300000};
      c = {45301, 4503001, 450030001, 45000300001};
      Table[TrueQ[a[[i]]^2 + b[[i]]^2 == c[[i]]^2], {i, 1, 4}]
      Answer:
      {True, True, True, True}
      Thank you!

      Delete
  2. Imagine that the triple of the first row (21, 220, 221) is already in base-3, then convert it to base-10: (21_3, 220_3, 221_3) = (7, 24, 25).
    Then, imagine that the same triple (21, 220, 221) is already in base-4, the convert it to base-10: (21_4, 220_4, 221_4) = (9, 40, 41).
    ... and so on, incrementing the input base by one each time.

    Here are the first five triples generated this way with (7, 24, 25) being the 'Mother Triple':
    (7, 24, 25)
    (9, 40, 41)
    (11, 60, 61)
    (13, 84, 85)
    (15, 112, 113)
    Notice how there is an odd number progression (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, ...) and that there are always two numbers per triple which differ only by one.

    Now, using the same method, here are the first five triples generated by the second row (201, 20200, 20201):
    (19, 180, 181)
    (33, 544, 545)
    (51, 1300, 1301)
    (73, 2664, 2665)
    (99, 4900, 4901)
    The odd numbers (first column) are more spaced out, but the two last elements still differ by one.

    Here are the first five triples generated by the third row (2001, 2002000, 2002001):
    (55, 1512, 1513)
    (129, 8320, 8321)
    (251, 31500, 31501)
    (433, 93744, 93745)
    (687, 235984, 235985)

    If the pattern is consistent, then the triples of the first row (21, 220, 221) can generate the triples of any other row! Hence, considering the first row in different bases progressively reveals triples in base-10 of the form (a, b, c) with a>=7, a is odd, c=b+1, and a^2+b^2=c^2.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. @Natus Videre

      So
      (2b + 1)² + (2b² + 2b)² = (2b² + 2b + 1)²
      where b is base.

      Generally:
      (2bⁿ + 1)² + (2b²ⁿ + 2bⁿ)² = (2b²ⁿ + 2bⁿ + 1)²

      Delete
    2. But which is more general?

      Delete
    3. @Bjab, thank you for finding the algebraic representation.

      After some experimentation, both equations generate the same triples, except when b=0 and n=0. Take x = b^n , y = b^(2n); then the equation has the form (2x+1)^2 + (2y+2x)^2 = (2y+2x+1)^2 only if x and y can be properly resolved after substitution. So if b=0 and n=0, x and y must be "forced" to equal 0 in order to have the same result as the first single-parameter equation @Bjab posted with b=0. The result is 1^2 + 0^2 = 1^2. Does the triple (1,0,1), or any triple of the form (a,0,a) have any meaning?

      Here are some interesting "Pikabu-style" triples using the equation with two parameters (b and n):
      b=10,n=1... 21 220 221
      b=10,n=2... 201 20200 20201
      b=10,n=3... 2001 2002000 2002001
      b=10,n=4... 20001 200020000 200020001

      b=50,n=1... 101 5100 5101
      b=50,n=2... 5001 12505000 12505001
      b=50,n=3... 250001 31250250000 31250250001
      b=50,n=4... 12500001 78125012500000 78125012500001

      b=100,n=1... 201 20200 20201
      b=100,n=2... 20001 200020000 200020001
      b=100,n=3... 2000001 2000002000000 2000002000001
      b=100,n=4... 200000001 20000000200000000 20000000200000001

      b=150,n=1... 301 45300 45301 <------------- one of @Bjab's results
      b=150,n=2... 45001 1012545000 1012545001
      b=150,n=3... 6750001 22781256750000 22781256750001
      b=150,n=4... 1012500001 512578126012500000 512578126012500001

      b=200,n=1... 401 80400 80401
      b=200,n=2... 80001 3200080000 3200080001
      b=200,n=3... 16000001 128000016000000 128000016000001
      b=200,n=4... 3200000001 5120000003200000000 5120000003200000001

      b=250,n=1... 501 125500 125501
      b=250,n=2... 125001 7812625000 7812625001
      b=250,n=3... 31250001 488281281250000 488281281250001
      b=250,n=4... 7812500001 30517578132812500000 30517578132812500001

      b=300,n=1... 601 180600 180601
      b=300,n=2... 180001 16200180000 16200180001
      b=300,n=3... 54000001 1458000054000000 1458000054000001
      b=300,n=4... 16200000001 131220000016200000000 131220000016200000001

      Finally, using the single-parameter equation:
      b=-6... -11 60 61
      b=-5... -9 40 41
      b=-4... -7 24 25
      b=-3... -5 12 13
      b=-2... -3 4 5
      b=-1... -1 0 1
      b=0... 1 0 1
      b=1... 3 4 5
      b=2... 5 12 13
      b=3... 7 24 25
      b=4... 9 40 41
      b=5... 11 60 61
      There is a nice symmetry. The triple (1,0,1) seems to be more fundamental than (3,4,5), but the interpretation is missing. And now that I think of it, what about (0,0,0)?

      Dealing with zeros/infinities is tricky. Who knows how many hidden meanings are buried in there...

      Delete
    4. @Natus Videre

      The triple (3,4,5) represents non-degenerate right triangle.
      The triple (1,0,1) represents degenerate right triangle which has only two vertices.
      The triple (0,0,0) represents degenerate right triangle which has only one vertice.

      Delete
    5. Thanks @Bjab, it's clearer now.

      So there must be a strong link between degeneracy and symmetry. It seems like degeneracy leads to greater symmetry. The degenerate cases still remain when the Pythagorean theorem is extended to n dimensions, linking these higher dimensions through an "Origin." I guess this is where degenerate metrics come into play.

      Does that mean large distances could be easily traversed through a common point?

      Delete

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