Monday, December 5, 2022

Zeno's Arrow: Langan, Bergson and mathematical physics

Christopher Langan - see Christopher M. Langan Interview

While reading Langan's "Quantum Metamechanics (QMM)" I stumbled upon these two paragraphs that have caused me to wonder (italics mine):

 Unfortunately,  there  are  problems  with  mathematical  quantization,  and  they  carry  over  into  physics.  This  is  easy  to  see  in  the  case  of  a  classical  manifold,  basically  a  space  consisting  of  zero-dimensional  (0D)  points  (real  numbers, elements of the real continuum R n ) and equipped with a metric that  is “locally Euclidean”, permitting a reasonable in-frame notion of distance and  locality. Immediately  we  detect  a  paradox: “of zero extent in a given space”  means “nonexistent in that space” – existence in a space means taking up space in it - and we cannot assert the existence of a space consisting of nonexistent points  that  take  up  no  space  at  all.  Even  if  we  could,  there  would  be  yet  another  problem associated with continuity, the adjacency paradox. An infinitesimal line  element or increment of linear motion must relocate a point-object from one  point to an adjacent point. But where points are zero-dimensional as continuity  demands,  adjacency  or  “being  in  mutual  contact”  effectively  identifies  them.  Adjacent points simply merge, and no relocation can occur. Linear motion is  out of the question.  

And then he goes on:

It follows that continuous motion requires finite termination or bounding of  the  interval  in  order  to  scale  and  sum  infinitesimal  increments,  produce  a  definite integral, and assign a length to the interval. But this still leaves nonzero  (albeit  sub-finite)  separations  between  each  pair  of  successive  points  along  a  path or physical trajectory, and an object must “jump out of” the manifold or  space in order to get from one point to the next.  Motion then becomes a series  of infinitesimal “quantum jumps” through hyperspace. This, of course, is not  what  mathematicians  and  physicists  typically  have  in  mind  when  they  talk  about  “the  continuous  (differentiable,  smooth)  motion  of  objects  or  waves  through  the  continuum”.  (We  ignore  for  now  the  various  workarounds  that  have  been  proposed  for  these  problems,  at  least  one  of  which  –  usually  the  Cauchy-Weierstrass  epsilon-delta  formalism  based  on  infinite  converging  sequences  –  is  generally  invoked  in  introductory  calculus  courses  in  order  to  deflect the “problem / paradox of infinitesimals”, which is never satisfactorily  resolved  with  respect  to  the  existence  or  nonexistence  of  0D  points  and  infinitesimal intervals between them.) 

I am extracting three main points from the above:

1) The question of how 0D points make a 1D line?

2) The problem of motion (related to Zeno's paradox)

3) The problem of "existence"

Source of illustration image: 

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9non_d%27%C3%89l%C3%A9e#/media/Fichier:Zeno_of_Elea_Tibaldi_or_Carducci_Escorial.jpg

But essentially, if I am not mistaken, Christopher Langan seems to point out problems that are quite similar to those that have made Zeno of Elea unhappy, and which are still debated today (though mostly dismissed).

Before addressing these three point the way I see them as a mathematical physicist, let me quote the view of a renowned philosopher Henri Bergson on the subject. But first let me quote from Wikipedia this piece:

(...) In 1922, Bergson's book Durée et simultanéité, a propos de la theorie d'Einstein (Duration and Simultaneity: Bergson and the Einsteinian Universe) was published.[33] Earlier that year, Albert Einstein had come to the French Society of Philosophy and briefly replied to a short speech made by Bergson.[34] It has been alleged that Bergson's knowledge of physics was insufficient and that the book did not follow up contemporary developments on physics. On the contrary, in "Einstein and the Crisis of Reason", a leading French philosopher, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, accused Einstein of failing to grasp Bergson's argument. This argument, Merleau-Ponty says, which concerns not the physics of special relativity but its philosophical foundations, addresses paradoxes caused by popular interpretations and misconceptions about the theory, including Einstein's own.

We see from the above that Bergson was probably deeply interested in the foundations of physics. In "Creative Evolution" (Routledge 2023) Bergson considers the problem of motion. He first notices that:

(...)  In order to  move forward with moving reality, we would have to place ourselves  back within that reality. Place yourself within that which is changing  and you will immediately grasp both change itself and the successive  states in which it could, at any moment, be immobilized. But you will  never  reconstitute  movement  from  these  successive  states,  seen  from  the outside as real immobile parts (and no longer as virtual immobile  parts). Depending on the situation, you might call them “qualities,”  “forms,” “positions,” or “intentions.”  You can multiply them as much  as you like, and thereby continuously bring two consecutive states closer  together. But when it comes to the intermediary movement between  the two states, you will always experience the same disappointment as  the child who tries to crush some smoke by pressing together his two  open hands.  The movement will slip away into the interval because  every  attempt  to  reconstitute  change  from  states  involves  the  absurd  proposition that movement is made up of immobile parts.

And then continues: 

Philosophy  noticed  this  absurdity  the  very  moment  it  opened  its  eyes. 86  Zeno of Elea’s arguments, though formulated with a very different  intention, in fact say nothing else. Shall we consider the flying arrow? According to Zeno, the arrow is  immobile at each instant, since it would only have the time to move—  that is, to occupy at least two successive positions— if it is granted at  least two instants. At any given moment, the arrow is thus at rest at a  given point. Immobile at each point along its path, the arrow is thus  immobile during the entire time that it moves. Yes, provided we assume the arrow can ever be at one point of its  path. Yes,  provided  the  arrow,  which  belongs  to  moving  reality  [le  mouvant], ever coincided with a position, which belongs to immobile  reality [l’immobilité]. But the arrow never is at any point of its path. The  most we can say is that the arrow could be at a certain point, in the sense  that it passes through that point and would be free to stop there. True,  if it had stopped there, it would have remained there, and at that point  we would no longer be dealing with a movement. The truth is that if  the arrow leaves point A in order to land at point B, then the movement  AB is, as a movement, just as simple and just as indecomposable as is  the tension in the bow that launches it. Just as the shrapnel, exploding  prior to reaching the ground, extends an indivisible danger across the zone of the explosion, so too the arrow that goes from A to B deploys,  in a single stroke, its indivisible mobility, although this time across a  certain extension of durée. Imagine an elastic band that you stretch from  A to B; can you divide up its extension? The flight of the arrow is this  extension itself: it is just as simple and, like it, indivisible. It is a single  and unique leap. You focus on a point C in the interval that is traversed,  and you say that at a certain moment the arrow was at C. But if it had  been there, this means it would have stopped there, and now you would  no longer have the flight from A to B, but rather two flights, one from  A to C,  the other from C to B, with an interval of rest in between. By definition, a single movement is an entire movement between two stopping  points: if there are intermediary stopping points, then it is no longer a  single movement. In essence, the illusion comes from the fact that the  movement, once completed, has deposited along its path an immobile trajectory along which we can count as many immobile parts as we like. From this we conclude that at each instant the movement, while being  accomplished, deposited beneath itself a position with which it coincided.  But we thereby fail to see that the trajectory is created in a single stroke,  even though it takes a certain amount of time, and that even though  we can divide at will the trajectory once it has been created, we could  not divide its creation, which is not a thing but an act in progress. To  assume that the moving object is at a given point of its path amounts  to making a cut with scissors at precisely that point, thereby cutting the  path in two and substituting two trajectories for the single trajectory  that we were first considering. It is to distinguish two successive acts  where, by definition, there is only one. In short, it is to transport into the  very flight of the arrow everything that might be said about the interval  that the arrow flies through; it is to accept, a priori, the absurdity that  movement coincides with the immobile.

Let me start with 1) The question of how 0D points make a 1D line?

The use of 0D suggests that the author talks about "dimensions". Usually we define the dimension within the category of topological spaces ( see for instance Lebesgue covering dimension). Points of any topological space have automatically dimension zero, whatever the dimension of the whole space is. In metric spaces we also have the concept of a fractal dimension (for instance Hausdorff dimension). There points have also dimension 0. So I do not see any problem here. But the author also mentions R^n. For instance, for n=1, the space of all real numbers. Real numbers are well defined using the standard axioms of set theories.(see e.g. here). With the usual topology the space of real numbers is 1-dimensional and its elements, by definition, are points - the real numbers. Perhaps I am missing something, but I do not understand the problem. Perhaps the problem is in undefined concept of "making". Do real numbers "make" the set of all real numbers? In a well defined sense they do "make": elements of any set "make" this set. But, perhaps, Langan has a different definition of "making"? That is not clear to me.

Let us move to 2) The problem of motion (related to Zeno's paradox)

Here we need to distinguish between a "mathematical point" and a "material point". Mathematical point is just a point, an element of some set, and the concept of "motion" does not apply, unless it is somehow defined in a specific framework. Material point is, on the other hand, a concept discussed within classical mechanics. Material points do move, and their motion is usually described using solutions of differential equations, once the forces are known. At each given instant of time a material point is described by its "state", and position of this point is just a one property of its state. The other property may be, for instance, its momentum (in Hamiltonian dynamics) or velocity (in Lagrangian dynamics). Material point may also have attributes that help us to determine external forces. For instance it may have mass m and charge e (though usually the ratio e/m enters the equation. If the only external force is gravity, and if we accept the Equivalence Principle  (as in Einstein's General Relativity), the mass is irrelevant, all material points move on geodesics, and the only data needed to determine the state are position and velocity at a given time. 

The concept of "state" enters quantum mechanics. In the standard quantum mechanics the sate is characterized by the "wave function", and in de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave mechanics the state is a pair (the quantum wave function and the position of the classical particle).

The concept of state is a tricky one as it usually involves parameters that are not "directly observable" (what is "directly observable" IS A GOOD QUESTION). For instance an instant photo of a bullet may tell us all we need to know about its position at the instant of time, but its velocity may be only guessed or totally unknown (depending on the exposer time). This should not present any philosophical difficulties - I think (cf. Plato cave allegory).  

Once we make the distinction between mathematical (or philosophical) point and a material point of mechanics - the paradox, as it seems to me, disappear completely.

Finally 3) The problem of "existence"

In mathematics we prove existence of solutions of certain equations (sometimes even uniqueness). There seems to be no problems with that. Existence of Borel non-measurable sets is more tricky - the proof of existence depends on whether we accept the axiom of choice or not. Mostly we do. But the "existence" property discussed by Langan seems to belong to philosophy, not just mathematics. There it depends on the accepted philosophical system. "Healthy" systems usually agree that tables and chairs exist. When it comes to momenta, masses or wave functions - here various options are being considered. There are, as it seems, different levels of existence. Philosophers, and even physicists, argue. John Archibald Wheeler, for instance, often stressed that "no phenomenon is a phenomenon unless it is an observed phenomenon". Though, unfortunately, he did not explain clearly what the term "observed" stands for. So, as the result the debate has started "Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks?"

As for me, if I would be forced to subscribe to some particular school of philosophy concerning the problem of existence, I would subscribe to this one

From experience.  - The  irrationality  of a  thing is  no argument  against its existence,  rather a condition of it.  

Nietzsche: Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits (ed. Cambridge University Press, 1996) - ISBN: 9780521567046, p. 182


P.S. Found by chance this interview with Jordan Peterson. He is a fantastic example of how to talk about difficult subjects without using jargon. An excellent example for me to take. Will read his 12 Rules of Life - to learn more.


21 comments:

  1. Bjab -> Ark:
    "1) The question of how 0D points make a 1D line?
    2) The problem of motion (related to Zeno's paradox)
    3) The problem of "existence""

    ReplyDelete
  2. Bjab -> Ark:
    "1) The question of how 0D points make a 1D line?
    2) The problem of motion (related to Zeno's paradox)
    3) The problem of "existence""

    Fajne trzy problemiki.
    Najłatwiejszy chyba jest ten drugi.
    Zenon nie wiedział, że "taka sama" strzała w locie jest makroskopowo krótsza, ma większą całkowitą masę, a mikroskopowo ma inne rozłożenie energii na energię potencjalną i kinetyczną.

    ReplyDelete
  3. Yes, I wrote it. And I am going to discuss these points this afternoon. Till now I was busy with the proofs of the Clifford algebra paper. Done.

    ReplyDelete
  4. Bjab -> Ark
    Rozważając pierwszy problem natrafiłem na:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computable_number#Non-computability_of_the_ordering

    Nawet dla liczb obliczalnych (nie rozpatrując nawet wszystkich liczb rzeczywistych) nie można zawsze stwierdzić równości dwóch takich liczb. (Można za to stwierdzić która z dwóch nierównych liczb jest mniejsza).

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Ark->Bjab
      Thank you for the link. So far I did not see any advantages of restricting analysis to computable real numbers in physics..

      Delete
  5. Bjab -> Ark
    Trzeci problem to problem uzgodnienia definicji "egzystencji".

    ReplyDelete
  6. The only thing I can think of is that he is intuitively having a problem with two points being infinitesimally close because it represents infinite energy and he is just phrasing it oddly. This is an argument for a discrete spacetime; even string theory by giving a length to the string is kind of cheating around this problem.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. "with two points being infinitesimally close because it represents infinite energy"

      Which energy? For instance the kinetic energy of a massive particle is mv^2/2. If m and v are finite, then the energy is finite.

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    2. @JohnG "The only thing I can think of is that he is intuitively having a problem with two points being infinitesimally close because it represents infinite energy and he is just phrasing it oddly."

      Yes to the part about "intuitively having a problem" and "phrasing it oddly." That's the problem with jargon. I think Chris Langan is a super smart guy but I think he needs to go deeper into the subject in a number of ways before he tries to grapple with laying out the problems and trying to solve them. Jargon gets in the way again.

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    3. The energy for the discrete spacetime argument I've seen is kind of a "what if" energy as in a particle accelerator would need Planck energy collisions to look at the Planck scale or infinite energy to look at the infinitesimal scale. I think it relates to wavelengths getting smaller as energy gets bigger. In reality it would probably just produce Planck mass black holes or something.

      If he has some philosophical/intuitive reasons for arriving at things like manifolds and timelines, it would definitely help if he had some recognizable math to go with it instead of unrecognizable jargon.

      Delete
  7. "Once we make the distinction between mathematical (or philosophical) point and a material point of mechanics - the paradox, as it seems to me, disappear completely."

    I think that in a sense, this is the problem he's trying to solve. What is the relation between between a purely mathematical point and a material point - and more fundamentally, between mathematics and material mechanics in general? Why is there a relationship between physical reality and mathematics at all, and what does this imply about the nature of reality?

    Some questions to help me understand: Does physics obey mathematical relationships that (in the context of the math itself, like with those differential equations) assume 0D points? Similarly, are the points that make up spacetime graphs 0D? If so, how do these abstract points and relationships relate to concrete, material reality?

    I get the impression reading Langan that he's arguing that the two must in some sense be equivalent, that the mathematical point is abstract, the material point is concrete, and the two are intrinsically related - there is a "duality" between them. You can't just have physical reality - there needs to be a nonphysical aspect as well, otherwise physical reality wouldn't be able to obey mathematical relationships, and those relationships wouldn't be discoverable by scientists.

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    Replies
    1. Thank you for these comments. They deserve a separate post as I have been contemplating this problem and I am not quite satisfied with what I got.

      Delete
    2. I'm looking forward to it! Some more comments:

      "When it comes to momenta, masses or wave functions - here various options are bein considered. There are, as it seems, different levels of existence. Philosophers, and even physicists, argue. John Archibald Wheeler, for instance, often stressed that "no phenomenon is a phenomenon unless it is an observed phenomenon"."

      Langan also writes about reality as "stratified." On a very general level there would be "ultimate reality" (i.e. God) and "physical reality". Hardcore physicalists limit reality and existence to physical reality, which leaves no room for their own cognition and abstractions, which apparently do not "exist" or are somehow "not real". Hardcore dualists say mind and matter are two completely separate substances, which leaves the problem of how these two substances can relate to each other - and if they do relate to each other, this implies a more fundamental medium in which they relate, and a logic that governs their relationship. Both Whitehead and Langan are, by contrast, dual-aspect monists: that mind and matter are two aspects of the same thing.

      On Wheeler's quote, if mind is fundamental to reality, then it would not be possible for any phenomenon to go unobserved. In some basic sense the phenomenon either observes itself, is observed by whatever it interacts with (like another particle), or is observed by ultimate reality itself, or all of the above. OSIT.

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    3. @Harrison
      "if mind is fundamental to reality"
      And that's the problem. How to extend the paradigm of physics, so that there is a place there for "mind"? Where to find mind in the equations? I am still having the old problem of " mathematically modelling consciousness". I know I am supposed to "visualise the inverted representation of the gravity geometric model", but HOW?

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    4. Harrison, you are summarizing what you have read and suggesting a misconception that leads to confusion.
      The relationship between the spirit and matter worlds you describe as the spirit/non-physical world would be the blueprint for a house, and the material world would be the building of a physical house. When it's about something else.

      The spirit world is an imperfect house plan. Then an experiment is set up to update the blueprint of the house by experimentally constructing it in material reality. If the house is standing, the house plan is updated on this basis, if the house is collapsing, a new experiment is set up. The goal is to get the perfect house plan, which is created by organizing scattered information through the process of experimental attempts to create new structures that make up the house, what is happening in the world of matter. The world of matter is the interface between the imperfect spiritual world and its more perfect version. The relationship of spirit and matter is dynamic, not static as you suggest.

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    5. @Luks, thank you for sharing. I actually agree with everything you posted, and you put it very well. I was just trying to start with what I saw as fundamental issues that underlie even the dynamics you mentioned. But maybe you're right, and they need to be acknowledged from the outset to avoid suggesting too static a view of reality.

      Delete
    6. @ark
      "And that's the problem. How to extend the paradigm of physics, so that there is a place there for "mind"? Where to find mind in the equations? I am still having the old problem of " mathematically modelling consciousness". I know I am supposed to "visualise the inverted representation of the gravity geometric model", but HOW?"

      That's way above my pay grade! ;) All I have is more questions, maybe too many questions. On the one hand, physics equations already model mind, in a sense. They model the way mind behaves as physical reality. But I guess that’s not what we’re looking for. Unfortunately, as a non-mathematician, I have no idea what modeling consciousness mathematically would look like. Something like this (https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.03223)? Probably not, I'm guessing. Or something completely different? Which features of consciousness would be modeled? Its self-referential nature? Its memory? Its range of awareness? And can we model the mathematician who is consciously modeling consciousness? :D

      Also, which equations? New ones, or existing ones? As a simple example, maybe there is no way to get mind into F=ma. But maybe there is a different form of math for expressing the relation of mind to a simple equation like that, or to more complex equations? Basically, could some equations only describe a limited domain of phenomena, with those equations embedded in a wider framework, like different bits of code that do different things in a computer program?

      Delete
  8. "The question of how 0D points make a 1D line?"

    I believe that in the same way that zeros "make" infinity. But to organize these points into a single line, and say that points really MAKE this 1D line, we can only use the SAME POINT/S (for point itself and for that 1D line). I mean if we want to maintain a direct relationship between the 0D point/s and the 1D line and say that REALLY these points MAKE this 1D line.

    And in practice, it means that we have to go in a circle, where start point meet start point making the 1D line at that time. Only, the problem is that we then have, for example, a circle already in the 2D plane. Linear (1D) attention demands something different... The question then is whether linear attention is that "right" attention. For a stubborn person (to keep that linear attention), it would then be like walking along that line at the outside the circle coming to the beginning of the walk. Here geometry and proper visualisations will give more answers than understanding numbers as such...

    "The problem of motion."

    What about something like this: to assume that EVERYTHING is moving at infinite speed and all we have to deal with is the slowing down of that speed, more or less, until we stop it at the point. This is indirectly related to the previous one.

    "The problem of existence."

    Most philosophers come with a preconceived assumption of what they consider to be existence, namely it has a finite and definite value that must occur whether we want it to or not and then you can call it existence. When in reality, we are dealing with a form of virtual reality for the real reality of pure information.

    To make more sense of this meaning I can give an example: A learning consciousness that approaches mathematics creates a "virtual reality" (and thus a new "world"/existence) in its mind which aims to comprehend the new mathematical knowledge. At the moment of graduation, it turns off this "virtual reality." The pre-conditioned and hypnotized mind, will find these statements too perverse and will get past them by sliding them through the outer shell of the programmed center in the subconscious, I suppose.

    "Nietzsche: Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits"

    A good way to stay in the 3 dimensional/density mindset. I used to deal with this in kindergarten of my life. I also have to this day sometimes, so I look into Nietzsche.

    ReplyDelete
  9. As for the first problem. I suggest that it is not possible to connect 0D to 1D in a conventional way, as somebody would like to do with points on a piece of paper and connect them with a line.

    Also this circle can be a line surrounding a point, which becomes close part of the point and become line in the same time, in a sense.

    Regard problem 2: As for infinite speed, it is worth realizing: whether the universe as a whole ultimately rushes to infinity or stops at zero in one place? If it is running, the natural state is to develop infinite speeds, and stop at a point of deviation from the natural state.

    ReplyDelete
  10. Bjab -> Ark
    No popatrz, popatrz, jak to można przez przypadek trafić w końcu na wywiad z inteligentnym człowiekiem.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. In fact it was not entirely "by chance". My wife sent me the link to this video advice... featuring Jordan Peterson. . I was so much entertained by his words that I became interested in what else he has to say. So I have started a small scale Internet search to see what else I can find there.

      Delete

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